BEM The cognitive dissonance theory was developed by Leon Festinger (1957) and concerns mainly the discrepancies between the behavior and attitudes. The dissonance is the tension that the disagreement entering feelings about a subject (which is think about it) and behavior. If you feel one way but acts another, and are aware of this paradox, then cognitive dissonance occurs. Sometimes to reduce this tension unpleasant, initiates a change of attitude, ie, we adjust our thinking to match our conducta.Esta theory assumes that our need to maintain a consistent and positive self-image leads us to adopt attitudes that justify our actions.
Several cognitive theories is the proposition that people strive to have a consistency among cognitive elements. According to these theories, people have a tendency to maintain maximum consistencia entre sus cogniciones y que esto incida en su conducta. Cada vez que una cognición se contradice con otra provoca una inconsistencia que produce una sensación de malestar. Frente a ese malestar, la persona se esfuerza en eliminar o al menos reducir la base de esta inconsistencia. De acuerdo con estas teorías los seres humanos disponen de una serie de recursos para cambiar estos estados tan incómodos.
Ante un estado de disonancia, la teoría de la disonancia cognitiva predice que el individuo tomará uno de esos cuatro caminos para resolver la disonancia: 1) cambiar su ceencia original, 2) cambiar su conducta, 3) cambiar algún aspecto de su entorno o 4) añadir nuevos elementos cognitivos. The most important idea is that cognitive dissonance produces a motive to restore cognitive consistency and that the plea is manifested in four ways.
dissonant situations:
Humans are often exposed to information that is dissonant with their beliefs and values \u200b\u200band sometimes participate in behaviors dissonant with their values \u200b\u200band beliefs.
Election. People often have to choose between two alternatives. In some situations the choice between alternatives is easy because the benefits of an alternative greatly exceed the benefits of alternative. In other cases, the choice is not easy because both alternatives seem to have advantages and disadvantages. According to cognitive dissonance theory, people experience dissonance as they make a difficult choice. Given the dissonance the person begins to cognitive elaborations about the relative desirability of the alternatives and start seeing the positive aspects of the chosen alternative and despise the rejected alternative.
insufficient evidence. Insufficient justification to address the manner in which people explain the behaviors that do not have sufficient justification for them.
Justification of effort. Following the logic of justification enough, people have to make extreme behavior desarrollar actitudes extremas para justificar tales conductas. El tema que subyace la justificación del esfuerzo es que cada vez que una persona tiene que hacer grandes esfuerzos por conseguir una meta entonces percibirá esa meta como más atractiva que si no han tenido que realizar un gran esfuerzo.
Información nueva. Una última situación disonante es la exposición a informaciones que contradicen las cogniciones propias ya establecidas. El estudio de Festinger y colaboradores sobre los Seekers ilustra los efectos motivacionales de las situaciones disonantes. La información viene de una situación disonante en al que la creencia de uno se contradice con la nueva información.
Fuente: Focus conginivo cognitive motivation. Cognition. Motivation. Dissonance. Consistency of self-concept. Expectation. Helplessness. Reactivity. Attribution. Http://www.rincondelvago.com/
